Zoe,+Sofia

=﻿Welcome to zoë and sofia wiki!=

__ Crime: __

 * 1) Explanation of who is guilty
 * 2) What this means
 * 3) ==== What happens to them? ====

BOOK INFO: Crime:Breaking of rules that have been made into laws by th rules or goverment pf a society. Different countries have different laws. Deviance: Means bejavior that most or all people disapprove of in the society, Such as behavior will or will not conform to society´s norms and valus. Delonquency:Describes behaviour by young people that is dissaproved of.

Defenition of guilty: Who is guilty? All human beings are at some point in there lives guilty. They are guilty for making a crime, or feel guilty because they have been deviant or have done a criminal act. This crimes are punished by sanctions.
 * responsible for or guilty look"; "the hangdog and shamefaced air of the retreating enemy"-

What happens to them: Sanctions: For crime they can range from fine ti prison sentance. For deviance they are likely to be much lower order. Allthough there are sanctions, not all crimes are measured and some are not rated. Some figuers do not give us the fullpicture of crime. The rated crime:

Crime has got to do with: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __**what does guilty mean?**__ book definition:
 * Sex
 * age
 * location
 * ethnicity
 * biology (nature, nurture)

these are the statistics in SPAIN, of course they only count the recorded crime. the crime that is not recorded is called the dark figure which is like a part of an iceberg below the water, invisible but very important. despite rigorous law enforcement efforts, North African, Latin American, Galician, and other European traffickers take advantage of Spain's long coastline to land large shipments of cocaine and hashish for distribution to the European market; consumer for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish; destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin; money-laundering site for Colombian narcotics trafficking organizations and organized crime ||
 * [|] [|**Acquitted**] || 196,600 ||  || [3rd of 30] ||
 * [|**Assaults**] || 90,453 ||  || [11th of 49] ||
 * [|**Bribe payers index**] || 5.3 ||  || [12th of 19] ||
 * [|**Burglaries**] || 23,856 ||  || [24th of 38] ||
 * [|**Car thefts**] || 134,584 ||  || [9th of 46] ||
 * [|**Death penalty > Abolition date**] || 1,995 ||  || [21st of 64] ||
 * [|**Death penalty > Last executed**] || 1,975 ||  || [16th of 55] ||
 * [|**Drug offences**] || 27.9 per 100,000 people ||  || [26th of 46] ||
 * [|**Gun violence > Homicides > % homicides with firearms**] || 16.4129 ||  || [20th of 32] ||
 * [|**Illicit drugs**]
 * [|**Murders**] || 494 ||  || [25th of 49] ||
 * [|**Murders committed by youths**] || 96 ||  || [34th of 73] ||
 * [|**Murders with firearms**] || 97 ||  || [15th of 36] ||
 * [|**Police**] || 115,656 ||  || [10th of 47] ||
 * [|**Prisoners**] || 59,251 prisoners ||  || [20th of 168] ||
 * [|**Prisoners > Per capita**] || 144 per 100,000 people ||  || [61st of 164] ||
 * [|**Rapes**] || 5,664 ||  || [12th of 50] ||
 * [|**Robberies**] || 497,262 ||  || [1st of 47] ||
 * [|**Software piracy rate**] || 43% ||  || [79th of 107] ||
 * [|**Total crimes**] || 923,271 ||  || [16th of 50] ||

[]

this link shows the total recorded crime of each country but it isn't really reliable to get information because in the united states it has adveanced tecnology and it's easier to record crime so it's the highest. also it's impossible that there's less crime in brazil than in thailand. these are the news that go on the tv and get people scared,this is called mass media manipulation.

THE EXTENT OF CRIME

Jock Young

1. HOW CAN WE KNOW THE AMOUNT OF CRIME IN SOCIETY? There are four main ways:

i) crimes known to the police; ii) public responding to victim surveys; iii) self-report studies of offenders iv) crimes known to other agencies (eg hospital accident wards,  battered women's refuges)

2. WHAT IS THE DARK FIGURE? The dark figure is the volume of crime which is not registered in the criminal statistics. This was first recognised by the statistician, Adolphe Quetelet, in the 1830s. All methods of collecting statistics have a dark figure, but victimisation surveys are the most accurate, eg British Crime Survey (BCS) and, in the US, The National Crime Survey (NCS).

3. HOW BIG IS THE DARK FIGURE? The 2000 BCS estimates the true extent of crime is four and a half times larger than that recorded, that is 77% of crime is in the dark figure.

4. IS THE CRIME RATE INCREASING? No, it is decreasing. The BCS suggests that there has been a 10% fall in crime between 1997 and 1999 which followed a 15% fall between 1995 and 1997, that is from 1995 to 1999 an overall 23% fall. The crime rate: - increased between 1981 and 1991 at 3% per year; - sharply increased between 1991 and 1993 at 11% per year; - levelled off between 1993 and 1995 at less than 2% per year; - decreased between 1995 and 1999 at 6% per year.

5. IS VIOLENT CRIME INCREASING? No, violent crime fell by 20% from 1995 to 1999 with falls occurring in all offence categories but robbery. (But many of these robberies are against 14 year olds.) But in the long term there has been an increase of 50% since 1981.

6. HOW DOES THIS COMPARE WITH THE FIGURES OF CRIMES KNOWN TO THE POLICE? Recorded crime fell by 0.2% in the last year to September 2000. This represents the sixth fall in the last seven years. property crimes have fallen similarly (6/7) but crimes of violence have had the ninth increase in the last ten years. The divergence with the BCS figures is largely because of changes in recording levels.

7. IS THE DECREASE IN CRIME UNIQUE TO ENGLAND AND WALES? No, there has been a decrease in crime in 12 of 17 advanced industrial countries between 1993 and 1995. This has created great attention in the US where the rate of homicide has fallen 36% from 1991 to 1998. J Wallman, 2000).

**JOCK YOUNG** although we normally think of deviance as something negative, sometime people do things which are heroic or generousthat very few others would do- someone who risks his life for others. these are deviant too because they are not expected. they may be rewarded rather than sanctioned. some deviance may be tolerated, rather than rewarded or sanctioned because there are things that ar..(to be continued)
 * 2001**
 * **source from: __[]__
 * __What happens to them?__**
 * __ ﻿ __ Sentences **
 * ** crime, deviance and delinquency are punished by sanctions. these vary enourmously. for crime, sanctions can range from fine to prison sentences to (but not in britain) death. for deviance the sanctions are likely to be much of a lower order, for example- if someone pushes in front of you in a queue, you may tut or make a comment.

these are the choices a court has when someone is found guilty of an offence
 * Absolute descharge- the person is guilty but they are not given a sentence
 * conditional discharge- the person is not given a sentence but if he or she is found guilty of another crime they will be sentrenced for both the offences
 * fine- the person found guilty has to pay a sum of money (75% of the people found guilty have this punishment
 * probation order- the person who is found guilty is checked on regularly by an officer and also this person gets help to try to stop doing crimes- the probation order can las from 6 months to 3 years depending on the seriousness of the situation
 * community service order- the offender has to do between 40 and 240 hours of work helpful to the community.
 * combination orer- it's a combination of community service and a probation order
 * prison- for the most serious offences and offenders.

more info on prisons: prison is major punishment because they:
 * lose there freedom
 * have no proper income
 * don't have their family and friends comany (except visiting times)
 * are not allowed sexual relationships
 * cannot wear their of clothes
 * cannot use their personal items (dangerous)
 * often in overcrowded and unpleasant conditions.
 * are told what to do most of the time.

__﻿internet information:__ the court has a range of sentencing options to choose from. These depend on the type, seriousness and the circumstances of the crime, and the criminal history of the person.

Considering a suitable punishment
Judges and magistrates giving out sentences must consider many things when making their decisions. They are required to consider all of the following: All sentences will combine all of those factors in some way. Magistrates' and Crown Courts have different sentencing powers. Generally speaking, more serious cases are sentenced in the Crown Court and less serious offences are sentenced in the Magistrates' Court. When deciding upon the right sentence, courts use guidelines issued by the Court of Appeal as well as guidelines from the Sentencing Council. This is a group independent of government, chaired by a senior judge. Courts do not have to follow the council's guidelines, but they do have to consider them when deciding on the sentence.
 * punishing offenders
 * reducing crime
 * rehabilitating criminals
 * protecting the public
 * making offenders pay back the community for their crimes

Maximum and minimum sentences
For every offence there is a maximum penalty set out in law. This is the most punishment a judge can give. Some crimes also have a minimum sentence that is the least amount of punishment a judge can issue. Crimes such as murder, as well as other serious violent or sexual offences, will result in a life sentence.

If the rules are broken
If a criminal who has been given a community sentence break the rules of that sentence, they are sent back to court and given an additional punishment. In some cases they are sentenced to prison. source from: [] in this web can be found all cases in england and wale and their sentence: []