Pepe,+Pablo

= **I ****mportant Definitions: ** = = **__Deviant: __** This term refers to unaccepted behavior that doesn't conform to society's norms and values  **__Crime: __** Involves all actions that break those rules that have been made into laws.  **__Dark figure (of crime): __** Crimes which are not recorded or reported and so do not appear in statistics. This dark figure of crime is discovered by studies or surveys such as the self-report study or the victim survey.  **__Self report study: __** When people are asked what offences they have committed.  **__<span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Victim survey: __**<span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> A method of research in which people are asked what crime they have been victims of. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> **__<span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Delinquency: __**<span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> Deviant behavior, which may or may not be crime, committed by people under 18. =

=<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face',serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;">Depending on your social situation the act is seen as devieny. = = = = = =<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">HOW CAN WE KNOW THE AMOUNT OF CRIME IN SOCIETY? = =<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"> There are four main ways: = = = =<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"> i) crimes known to the police; = =<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"> ii) public responding to victim surveys; = =<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"> iii) self-report studies of offenders = =<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"> iv) crimes known to other agencies (eg hospital accident wards, = =<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"> battered women's refuges) = = = =<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; padding: 0px;">**Marxist** would argue that it is a conspiracy of people in power, with power, that cover up white - collar crime and base the system on working-class crime. = =<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; padding: 0px;">The institution which decides what is crime and what isn’t is the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">parliament. Here is where the laws are decided, but they are interpreted and executed by the<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> government and the consequences are dictated by the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">courts. = =<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; padding: 0px;">The laws, and with them the decision of what is crime and what isn’t are very much <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">influated by the mass media and the politicians. When these two institutions criticise some kind of law it can affect the way the law is interpreted or dictated. = =<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; padding: 0px;">Other people who can decide if something is considered a crime or not is the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: yellow; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">police. Although hypothetically they shouldn’t decide, they can decide if they consider a crime important enough to record it or not. The proof of the existence of this data is the “Dark figure" //(*view definition above)// = = = =<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">What happens? = =<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"> -How does society make most people conform most of the time? Informal and formal social control. = =<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"> Formal social control means the creation of laws and rules and using them to control people's behaviour. The **agencies of social contro**l inclue: = =<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">__<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Legislature __<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">: This term refers to the branch of government that is responsible for legislating, that is, for making laws. (Eg: in Britain = Houses of Parliament) = = = =<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">__<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The police __<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> - the role of the police forces is to prevent crime, to protect life and property and to arrest and mantain public order. However, to marxists the police are servents of the capitalist ruling class. Problems identified in the British police in the recent years include: the shortage of women and ethnic minorities, racism, sexism and corruption. = =<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">__<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The judiciary __<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">: refers to courts, which try those accused of crimes and convict and sentence those who are found guilty. Courts can impose a range of sanctions on those found guilty, including probation orders, community service orders, fines and imprisionment, according to how serious the offence is. = =<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">__<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The penal system __<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">: this refers to the people and organisations that deal with offenders (prisions and probation service). = = //<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[ Summary // = = = = = ====<span style="font-size: 1.066em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal;">Who is guilty? <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal;"> ==== <span style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">variables of guilty: ====<span style="font-size: 1.066em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**__<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">-Sex : __** <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal;">More than 4 out of 10 males and 1 in 10 females are likley to be found guilty or cautioned at some point during their lives. ==== ====<span style="font-size: 1.066em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> **__<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">-Age: __** <span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal;">Self-report studies show that individuals more often break the law when they are young ("peak" ages at which they are most likely to be found guilty : between 15 and 19).Young people who become involved in crime in the earliest ages (before 14) tend to become the most persistent offenders ==== <span style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">//<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Graph showing criminals per age in Spain. // <span style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**__<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">-Nationality: __**//<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">statistic (pie chart form) of crime per country. //<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">However, this is not reliable because the countries that are more developed will have a more efficient record of crime, whether as other countries like Brazil or India may have more crime but it is not included on the statistics, because it doesn't reach them. This is also an example of mass media manipulating. ====<span style="font-size: 1.066em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**__<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">-Location __**<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: normal;">: in the inner city there is more crime. This is due to the big concentration of people living in a small space. crime then becomes more anonymous. ==== = = = = = =